How Bitcoin breaks through the traditional limitations of programmability to achieve smart contracts and DeFi applications has become a hot topic in the Crypto industry for 2024. However, as the hype around assets like Ordinals and Runes has faded, market interest in this issue has diminished. Nevertheless, developers are still actively seeking innovative solutions. In April 2025, a new asset called METHANE sparked renewed interest in the Alkanes protocol, reigniting this discussion.

Alkanes did not come out of nowhere; it proposes higher scalability based on the Runes protocol and introduces smart contract functionality natively supported by Bitcoin. Although its primary applications, such as asset issuance, have seen many similar cases on other public chains, the impact that Alkanes can bring is still worth exploring—whether it is a revolutionary innovation or merely another layer of repackaged hype.

CoinEx Research will delve into the technical principles and architecture of the Alkanes protocol in this article, exploring its potential applications in the DeFi and NFT sectors, and assessing the prospects and challenges of its ecosystem.

Introduction to the Alkanes Protocol: A Smart Contract Solution that Breaks the Boundaries of Bitcoin

The Alkanes protocol aims to introduce smart contract and decentralized finance (DeFi) functionalities to the Bitcoin network, filling the gap in programmability and DeFi applications on Bitcoin. It draws on the design philosophies of Ethereum, Ordinals, and Runes protocols, and incorporates Protorunes and Metashrew technologies, with the goal of enhancing the scalability and smart contract support of the Bitcoin network.

Specifically, the technical architecture of the Alkanes protocol includes five key features:

1.Introducing WASM Smart Contracts: Efficient and Flexible Contract Execution

The Alkanes protocol introduces WASM smart contracts, written in Rust and compiled into WASM format, running efficiently on Bitcoin Layer 1. These smart contracts can handle complex operations (such as checking token balances, reading and writing storage, and accessing transaction data) and interact with other contracts. Even complex verification tasks (like zero-knowledge proofs) can be accomplished through WASM contracts, with the size of the smart contracts compressed to about 150KB, avoiding excessive block space usage.

2.Witness reveal payloads: Simplifying Smart Contract Deployment

The Alkanes protocol employs the witness reveal payloads, deploying the compressed WASM files as smart contracts on the Bitcoin blockchain, inspired by Ordinals inscriptions. This mechanism simplifies the deployment process of smart contracts, reduces the occupation of Bitcoin block space, and enables developers to more easily deploy smart contracts on the Bitcoin network, while enhancing the usability and adoption of the Alkanes protocol.

3.Asset Management Based on the Protorunes Framework: Enhancing Bitcoin's Programmability

At the core of the Alkanes protocol is the Protorunes framework, which adds stronger programming capabilities on top of the Runes protocol. Alkanes' smart contracts are executed through Protorunes protocol messages, which are encoded in the OP_RETURN output of Bitcoin transactions. The structure is similar to Runestones but includes additional contract execution data. This data is stored in specific fields of the Runestone, ensuring that it does not interfere with the underlying Runes protocol. Protorunes provides flexible asset management capabilities for the Bitcoin network, addressing the shortcomings of the Runes protocol in supporting smart contracts and complex programming. Through Protorunes, developers can create customized asset protocols that are compatible with the existing Runes protocol, supporting the construction of cross-protocol applications.

4.Utilizing the Runestone Structure to Encapsulate Data: Efficient Storage and Interaction

In terms of data storage, the Alkanes protocol draws on the Runestone structure from the Runes protocol to encapsulate smart contract execution data. This method stores Protorunes protocol messages via OP_RETURN outputs, not only improving network efficiency but also avoiding impacts on the UTXO set, effectively preventing resource wastage.

5.Metashrew Index Framework: Efficient Data Processing and Querying

Another key technology is the Metashrew index framework, designed specifically for Bitcoin, which simplifies the implementation of meta-protocols. It allows developers to efficiently process Bitcoin block data using WebAssembly (WASM) programs, enhancing execution efficiency and reducing resource consumption. Metashrew also automatically handles blockchain reorganization and state rollbacks, ensuring the consistency of indexed data. Additionally, it supports efficient parallel querying through a remote procedure call (RPC) interface, guaranteeing system stability under high load conditions.

Application Scenarios of the Alkanes Protocol: Expanding Bitcoin's DeFi and NFT Functions

The Alkanes protocol brings significant application potential to the Bitcoin ecosystem by introducing smart contracts, particularly in the fields of decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). It not only introduces new innovative opportunities for Bitcoin but also provides developers with more possibilities to build decentralized applications (dApps).

1.DeFi Sector: Decentralized Trading and Financial Services

In the DeFi sector, the Alkanes protocol supports the construction of decentralized exchanges (DEX) and automated market makers (AMM). Developers can utilize smart contracts to create trustless trading platforms and automated liquidity pools on the Bitcoin network, allowing Bitcoin holders to engage in decentralized trading directly, avoiding the risks and costs associated with traditional centralized platforms.

For example, the Oyl Wallet team plans to develop an AMM around the Alkanes protocol to optimize asset liquidity. Additionally, Alkanes supports decentralized lending and staking protocols, providing Bitcoin holders with avenues for earning yields. The Oyl Wallet team also plans to launch a BTC staking feature to promote Bitcoin's application in the DeFi sector. Furthermore, Alkanes is expected to support the issuance of stablecoins pegged to Bitcoin or other assets. The Oyl Wallet plans to develop MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) tools to further enhance the utility of the Alkanes ecosystem.

2.NFT Sector: Innovative Applications of Programmable and Dynamic NFTs

The Alkanes protocol also demonstrates broad application prospects in the NFT sector. Through smart contracts, Alkanes supports programmable and dynamic NFTs, transforming them from mere static digital collectibles into assets with greater functionality and flexibility. Orbitals is a new type of NFT standard developed within the Alkanes ecosystem, designed to support the organization of individual unique NFT units (called unit alkane, with a total supply of 1) into large series, allowing each NFT to come with dynamically generated data and image content.

The core feature of this standard is based on the indexing of NFTs within a collection, employing transformation logic to dynamically generate or batch-adjust image effects, such as color filters or cropping, enabling personalized displays for each NFT in the same series. The Orbitals standard is currently in the prototype testing phase and is designed to be flexible and variable, allowing for sustainable iterative upgrades in the future. The team plans to soon open up a trial experience to the community and hopes to achieve richer interactive gameplay with Orbitals compared to traditional Ordinals NFTs, while both will coexist and complement each other.

In addition to DeFi and NFT applications, the Alkanes protocol also holds other potential application values. More importantly, the introduction of the Alkanes protocol is expected to attract more developers to participate in innovation within the Bitcoin ecosystem. As more decentralized applications (dApps) are built on the Alkanes protocol, the Bitcoin ecosystem will become richer, encompassing more functionalities and application scenarios.

Comparison of Alkanes with BRC20 and Runes: Innovation or Following Trends

1.BRC20 Protocol: Simple but Limited in Functionality

Launched in 2023, BRC20 is an experimental fungible token standard on Bitcoin that stores data on the Bitcoin blockchain through Ordinals inscriptions. The advantage of BRC20 lies in its simplicity; users can deploy, mint, and transfer tokens on the Bitcoin network using just JSON format. However, its simplicity means that BRC20 does not support smart contracts, limiting its application in advanced scenarios like DeFi. The popularity of BRC20 has also led to network congestion and rising transaction fees on the Bitcoin network.

2.Runes Protocol: Increased Efficiency but More Limited Functionality

Launched in 2024, Runes is a Bitcoin asset protocol proposed by Ordinals founder Casey Rodarmor, designed to improve efficiency and reduce the "garbage" UTXOs (unspent transaction outputs) generated by the BRC20 protocol. Runes utilizes Bitcoin's native UTXO model and OP_RETURN opcode, aligning well with Bitcoin's underlying architecture to enhance transaction execution efficiency.

However, the Runes protocol remains limited to fungible tokens and lacks smart contract functionality. Therefore, while Runes improves efficiency, its application scope is restricted and cannot support more complex decentralized applications or smart contract execution.

3.Alkanes Protocol: Innovation or Following Trends?

Launched in 2025, the Alkanes protocol introduces smart contracts and more powerful features based on BRC20 and Runes. It not only avoids the UTXO bloat issue of BRC20 but also overcomes the limitations of Runes in asset protocols. Alkanes can support the creation and transfer of tokens while providing developers with a platform for more complex decentralized applications and smart contract execution.

Challenges and Future Prospects for Alkanes: Can It Stand Out?

Although the Alkanes protocol shows great potential, it also faces several technical and market challenges during its development.

1.Technical Challenges

As an emerging protocol, Alkanes may have unknown technical vulnerabilities and risks. The stability and security of the protocol need continuous verification in practice, especially regarding the Metashrew indexing framework and WASM smart contracts it relies on. Any technical issues could impact the overall operation of the protocol.

The off-chain execution mechanism requires trust in the indexer Metashrew, which poses potential security risks and necessitates increased transparency and community auditing. It is currently unclear whether Metashrew has multiple widely operating indexers. If the indexers are concentrated in the hands of a few entities, it could create a single point of failure, affecting the protocol's decentralization and security. There is also a risk of manipulation by a small number of nodes. The determinism of WASM contract execution relies on the consistency of the indexers; if the versions or execution logic of the indexers are not unified, it may lead to state divergence.

Additionally, the development and auditing of WASM contracts require high technical standards, which means that building the developer community and maturing the protocol will also take time and professional support.

2.Limitations of Bitcoin

The block size limit of Bitcoin restricts the size of WASM files for smart contracts, limiting the complexity and functional expansion of the contracts. Despite Alkanes adopting compression and factory contract mechanisms, there remains a risk of storage and UTXO bloat due to limited storage space. As the number of users increases, Alkanes will likely face rising transaction fees and network congestion issues.

3.Market Challenges

Additionally, another challenge for Alkanes is its acceptance and user adoption in the market. There are already other asset protocols like BRC20 and Runes in the Bitcoin ecosystem, so Alkanes needs to find a unique position in a competitive environment to attract smart contract developers and users. Since users may need to use new tools and wallets (such as Oyl Wallet) to experience the Alkanes protocol, this will increase the learning curve and could affect its adoption speed.

4.Ecosystem Development

At the same time, the ecosystem development of the Alkanes protocol is also a long-term process. Although the Alkanes protocol brings new functionalities to Bitcoin, continuous efforts are needed to attract and maintain ecosystem activity. Currently, the overall Alkanes ecosystem is still in its early stages, with limited support from mainstream trading markets and tools. The maturity of the developer community, widespread user participation, and ecosystem development require ongoing investment and incentives to promote the widespread application of the protocol.

In Conclusion

If Alkanes can successfully overcome the technical and market challenges, it is expected to bring more enriched application scenarios to the Bitcoin ecosystem, particularly in the DeFi and NFT sectors. Alkanes not only introduces smart contract functionality to Bitcoin but also promotes the development of the Bitcoin ecosystem towards a broader range of decentralized applications (dApps).

Overall, the Alkanes protocol holds significant potential value within the Bitcoin ecosystem. It represents an important step for Bitcoin in terms of programmability and application richness. Future success will depend on the core team's execution capabilities, active community participation, and a precise understanding of the needs within the Bitcoin ecosystem. Despite facing challenges, the Alkanes protocol remains poised to become a key component of the Bitcoin ecosystem, driving Bitcoin towards a more diverse and functionally rich new era.

Alkanes: A Revolutionary Addition to Bitcoin's Ecosystem or Just Another Layer?